Part I: Introduction | Part II: Getting Started | Part III: Using a Python Stream Listener | Part IV: Storing Tweets in MongoDB | Part V: Twitter JSON to CSV — Errors | Part VI: Twitter JSON to CSV — ASCII | Part VII: Twitter JSON to CSV — UTF-8 [current page]

The main drawback to the ASCII CSV parser and the csv library and is that it can’t handle unicode characters or objects. I want to be able to make a csv file that is encoding in UTF-8, so that will have to be done from scratch. The basic structure follows the previous ASCII post so the json Python object description can be found on the previous tutorial.

io.open

First, to handle the UTF-8 encoding, I used the io.open class. For the sake of consistency, I used this class for both reading the JSON file and writing the CSV file. This actually doesn’t require much change to the structure of the program, but it’s an important change. The json.loads() reads the JSON data and parses it into an object you can access like a Python dictionary.

import json
import csv
import io

data_json = io.open('raw_tweets.json', mode='r', encoding='utf-8').read() #reads in the JSON file
data_python = json.loads(data_json)

csv_out = io.open('tweets_out_utf8.csv', mode='w', encoding='utf-8') #opens csv file

Unicode Object Instead of List

Since this program uses the write() method instead of a csv.writerow() method, and the write() method requires a string or in this case a unicode object instead of a list. Commas have to be manually inserted into the string to properly. For the field names, I just rewrote the line of code to be a unicode string instead of the list used for the ASCII parser. The u'*string*' is the syntax for a unicode string, which behave similarly to normal strings, but they are different. Using the wrong type of string can cause compatibly issues. The line of code that uses the u'\n' creates a new line in the CSV. Once again this is need in this parser needs to insert the new line character to create a new line in the CSV file.

fields = u'created_at,text,screen_name,followers,friends,rt,fav' #field names
csv_out.write(fields)
csv_out.write(u'\n')

The for loop and Delimiters

This might be the biggest change relative to the ASCII program. Since this is a CSV parser made from scratch, the delimiters have to be programmed in. For this flavor of CSV, it will have the text field entirely enclosed by quotation marks (") and use commas (,) to separate the different fields. To account for the possibility of having quotation marks in the actual text content, any real quotation marks will be designated by double quotes (""). This can give rise to triple quotes, which happens if a quotation mark starts or ends a tweet’s text field.

for line in data_python:

    #writes a row and gets the fields from the json object
    #screen_name and followers/friends are found on the second level hence two get methods
    row = [line.get('created_at'),
           '"' + line.get('text').replace('"','""') + '"', #creates double quotes
           line.get('user').get('screen_name'),
           unicode(line.get('user').get('followers_count')),
           unicode(line.get('user').get('friends_count')),
           unicode(line.get('retweet_count')),
           unicode(line.get('favorite_count'))]

    row_joined = u','.join(row)
    csv_out.write(row_joined)
    csv_out.write(u'\n')


csv_out.close()

This parser implements the delimiters requirements of the text fields by

1. Replacing all quotation marks with double quotes in the text.
2. Adding quotation marks to the beginning and end of the unicode string

'"' + line.get('text').replace('"','""') + '"', #creates double quotes

Joining the row list using a comma as a separator is a quick way to write the unicode string for the line of the CSV file.

row_joined = u','.join(row)

The full code I used in this tutorial can be found on my GitHub .

Part I: Introduction | Part II: Getting Started | Part III: Using a Python Stream Listener | Part IV: Storing Tweets in MongoDB | Part V: Twitter JSON to CSV — Errors | Part VI: Twitter JSON to CSV — ASCII | Part VII: Twitter JSON to CSV — UTF-8 [current page]

Part I: Introduction | Part II: Getting Started | Part III: Using a Python Stream Listener | Part IV: Storing Tweets in MongoDB | Part V: Twitter JSON to CSV — Errors | Part VI: Twitter JSON to CSV — ASCII [current page] | Part VII: Twitter JSON to CSV — UTF-8

I outlined some of the potential hurdles that you have to overcome when converting Twitter JSON data to a CSV file in the previous section. Here I outline a quick Python script that allows you to parse your Twitter JSON file with the csv library. This has the obvious drawback in that it can’t handle the utf-8 encoded characters that can be present in tweets. But this program will produce a CSV file that will work well in Excel or other programs that are limited to ASCII characters.

The JSON File

The first requirement is to have a valid JSON file. This file should contain an array of Twitter JSON objects, or in analogous Python terms a list of Twitter dictionaries. The tutorial for the Python Stream Listener has been updated to make the correctly formatted file to work in Python.

[{Twitter JSON Object}, {Twitter JSON Object}, {Twitter JSON Object}]

The JSON file is loaded into Python and is automatically parsed into a Python friendly object by the json library using the json.loads() method. This opens and reads the file in as a string in the open() line, then decodes the string into a json Python object which behaves similar to a list of Python dictionaries — one dictionary for each tweet.

import json
import csv

data_json = open('raw_tweets.json', mode='r').read() #reads in the JSON file into Python as a string
data_python = json.loads(data_json) #turns the string into a json Python object

The CSV Writer

Before getting too ahead of things, a CSV writer should create a file and write the first row to label the data columns. The open() line creates a file and allows Python to write to it. This is a generic file, so anything could be written to it. The csv.writer() line creates an object which will write CSV formatted text to file we just opened. There are some other parameters you are able to specify, but it defaults to Excel specifications, so it those options can be omitted.

csv_out = open('tweets_out_ASCII.csv', mode='w') #opens csv file
writer = csv.writer(csv_out) #create the csv writer object

fields = ['created_at', 'text', 'screen_name', 'followers', 'friends', 'rt', 'fav'] #field names
writer.writerow(fields) #writes field

The purpose of this parser is to get some really basic information from the tweets, so it will only get the date and time, text, screen name and the number of followers, friends, retweets and favorites [which are called likes now]. If you wanted to retrieve other information, you’d would create the column names accordingly. the writerow() method writes a list with each element being a value which is separated by the comma in the CSV file.

The json Python object can be used in a for loop to access the individual tweets. From there each line can be accessed to get the different variables we are interested in. I’ve condensed the code so that is all in one statement. Breaking it down the line.get('*attribute*') retrieves the relevant information from the tweet. The line represents an individual tweet.

for line in data_python:

    #writes a row and gets the fields from the json object
    #screen_name and followers/friends are found on the second level hence two get methods
    writer.writerow([line.get('created_at'),
                     line.get('text').encode('unicode_escape'), #unicode escape to fix emoji issue
                     line.get('user').get('screen_name'),
                     line.get('user').get('followers_count'),
                     line.get('user').get('friends_count'),
                     line.get('retweet_count'),
                     line.get('favorite_count')])

csv_out.close()

You might not notice this line, but it’s critical for this program working.

line.get('text').encode('unicode_escape'), #unicode escape to fix emoji issue

If the encode() method isn’t included, unicode characters (like emojis) are included in their native encoding. This will be sent to the csv.writer object, which can’t handle those characters and fail. This would be necessary for any field that could possibly have a unicode character. I know the other fields I chose cannot have non-ASCII characters, but if you were to add name or description, you’d have to make sure they do not have incompatible characters.

The unicode escape rewrites the unicode as a string of letters and number much like \U0001f35f. These represent the characters and can actually be decoded later.

The full code I used in this tutorial can be found on my GitHub .

Part I: Introduction | Part II: Getting Started | Part III: Using a Python Stream Listener | Part IV: Storing Tweets in MongoDB | Part V: Twitter JSON to CSV — Errors | Part VI: Twitter JSON to CSV — ASCII [current page] | Part VII: Twitter JSON to CSV — UTF-8